Who were the Nicolaitans?
"But you have this, that you hate the works of Nicolaitans, which I also hate. And have those who hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans I hate "Revelation 2:6 / 15
In reading these passages from Revelation, the question arises: What is the work of both hates Nicolaitans God?
There are some treaties that try to suggest that the Nicolaitans were a sect that was invading Christian churches with customs and professed antinomian debauchery. However, many historical treatises and managers who have addressed this issue, dismissed such a claim.
To understand the work of the Nicolaitans, it is necessary first to define the origin of the word. Nicolaíta
comes from the Greek meaning NICO domain or LAOS conquest over others and that means people, ordinary people, secular or secular. Hence we can analyze the composition Nicolae becomes something like DOMAIN ON THE TOWN.
Secondly, it is important to consider the message to the seven churches of Asia Minor detail in Revelation chapters 2 and 3.
historically has interpreted the message to the seven churches, denotes the state spiritual church has lived through history, from the apostles until the coming of the Lord.
Nicolaitans The mention of God makes in two churches, Ephesus and Pergamum. In the case of Ephesus, is a tribute to the rejection of the work of the Nicolaitans, but in Pergamum is a harsh rebuke to accept the doctrine of Nicolaitans. This allows us to infer that in that church, had been established that current of thought.
What is the work or Nicolaitans doctrine?
The letter to Ephesus represents the beginning of the church from the day of Pentecost, while the letter to Pergamum shows us the spiritual decline of the church. Ephesus means "desired" but Pergamum means "Marriage"
The desired church of Christ had declined to the point of forgetting their commitment to their Lord and definitely "marry" with another. The question that inevitably arises is: With whom he married the church in Pergamum?
To answer this question, it is essential to consider what the Lord says to this church:
"I know thy works, and where you dwell, where Satan's throne" (Rev. 2:13) The Bible is
very clear in pointing to the throne of Satan is not in heaven or hell, but in the world. The Lord Jesus Christ said with complete clarity:
"no longer talk much with you, for the prince of this world, and hath nothing in me" John 14:30
Considering this, and we know whom he married the church Pergamon. She does not believe that the world should be away and leave it. She dwells in the world and dwell where is the throne of the devil. Pergamon
typifies the commitment that the church took over the state and the world. The convictions were thrown down in order to please the world on the Lord's commands.
Many place the period of this church at about the year 320 AD in the very government of Constantine who first institutionalized the concept of Caesar - Popery, I mean the presence of a political and religious leader, which is now known as Pope.
The work and teaching of the Nicolaitans, consisted of a hierarchy in the church, destroying the horizontal frame, to lift a pyramid. That is the doctrine that both work and hate the Lord.
Thus was born the clergy (Nico) and laity (Laos). Clerical caste with special privileges, strong bond with Caesar and a clear dominance over the rest of the people (laity)
The Nicolaitans began to divide God's people into two groups. Clergy persons who were "remote" learned, and spiritual privileges, and laity who belonged to the rest of the people.
From that time begins the pyramid structure inside the church, not yet taking hold in the holy scriptures. The simplicity of the church, was gradually replaced by an organized institution with hierarchies and with molds taken from the secular and pagan Romanism. In other words, was the birth of the Church of Rome.
Hierarchy and the Bible
organization has always been the man has sought a pyramidal structure. Recall the experience of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) or the same request of the people at the time of Samuel, when he reveals a contempt for theocracy and a longing for the monarchy, the mold mundane.
The hierarchy is an evil entrenched in the heart of man. It is a mold according to the sinful nature. This was revealed by the foolish request of the mother of the sons of Zebedee (Matthew 20:20-28) to which our Lord Jesus Christ says,
"Then Jesus called and said, know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. But among you it will not, but whoever wants to become great among you shall be your servant, and whoever would be first among you shall be your servant "Matthew 20:25-27 As we stated
our Lord Jesus Christ in this passage, the hierarchy produces an enthronement and he does not want that to his people. Hierarchies are those of the fallen man and not God's will.
to God you have never liked the hierarchy, hence the sentiment against the doctrine of Nicolaitans is considered abhorrent. The revelation of scripture shows us that God is longing to be in the middle and not on his people. Certainly sin ruined everything, when Adam and Eve disobeyed, they created a huge gap that later came to remove our beloved Savior and Lord Jesus Christ.
When we look at the priestly caste in the old covenant, it seems that God had instituted a church hierarchy. The high priest was superior to the priest. One can enter the sanctuary, but the other one to the altar of incense. However, we consider that the priesthood was never the image of things according to the full pleasure of God, but shadows, emblems and symbols of what was to come.
Christ finished with it, tearing the veil of the temple and opening the holy of holies to give direct access to God, to any sinner who passes through the sacrifice of the cross of Golgotha.
In the New Testament, education ministries and gifts of the Holy Spirit expressed in the letters of Paul to the Romans, Corinthians and Ephesians, but the by the Apostle Peter in his first epistle, in any way taught in the church hierarchy, by contrast, emphasizes the equal importance of each of the members of the assembly. That is, it makes clear that both the bishop who serves tables have the same importance, and we are part of a hierarchical ladder as we see today.
Our Lord Jesus Christ taught it with such precision, see:
"... love the uppermost places at feasts, and the best seats in the synagogues and salutations in the marketplaces, and called by men Rabbi Rabbi. But you are not who you called Rabbi: for one is your Master, even Christ, and all of you is so
brothers. And do not call anyone your father on earth: for one is your Father who is in heaven. Neither be ye called masters: for one is your Master, even Christ. He who is greatest among you shall be your servant "Matthew 23:6-11
The text is talkative enough. God does not want the hierarchies among siblings. The Pharisees were a breed that arrogated to itself the privilege of serving God and to feel better or more important than others. Christ openly condemned the hypocritical stance that so far is not what is happening today in the evangelical church. It appears that passages such as the categorical said, have become extinct from the pulpits as well as charm.
Today, the term "minister" is like a hierarchical level, and the membership of such acts against something like angelic beings. This is the legacy of Nicolaitans. The clergy over the laity.
The apostle Peter, as manipulated by the Church of Rome, never acted as the "ministers" today, less like the Pope of the Vatican. Remember that reception given as corrected in the house of Cornelius:
"When Peter entered, Cornelius met, and fell at his feet and worshiped. But Peter took him up, saying, Arise, I myself am a man "Acts 10:25-26 Cornelius
's attitude, it is proper to every human being who has no knowledge of God. It is the classic religious attitude that aims to make gods of men. Since ancient times, man has raised to the altars to individuals who have demonstrated traits of piety and spirituality, and I do not refer exclusively to the church of Rome, but that ancient pagan religions and cultures such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, etc. etc. The sad and amazing is to see that the evangelical church edges samples also very similar to the human habit and that God hates.
The hierarchy within the evangelical church
Many
of the "ministers" of the church today does not conform with the legacy of dividing the membership Nicolaitans between clergy and laity, have been subdivided into hierarchical ranks ministries.
For example, now the bishop is superior to the pastor. This is not only an insult to biblical teaching, but an attack on the intellect. In the Bible, the words elder, pastor or bishop show absolutely the same office, and never express a hierarchical rank. It is an unbiblical assumption among ministries teach that there is a hierarchical ladder. This reveals the vain search for some people who want to be on the other. It is very common to find well-known pastors, and now call themselves bishops, as if that's raised in rank.
Let's see what Peter taught about:
"The elders which are among you ... Feed the flock of God among you "1 Peter 5:1-2
Peter's words are exceedingly clear. The elders or bishops (is exactly the same) are not on the flock as it claims the Nicolaitans, but "between" them. The role of pastor is not to establish a hegemonic dictatorship and infallible, but they serve between the brothers. If still not enough this argument, let's read Peter:
"not lording it over those entrusted to your care but being examples to the flock "1 Peter 5:3
The word dominion had been warned by the Lord Jesus Christ in Matthew 20:25-27, and is a characteristic of the world and not which should exist between brothers.
remember the instruction given by God to Moses regarding the construction of the altar:
"No go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness not be discovered by him" Exodus 20:26
The word denotes a tiered structure hierarchy and upward, which would put persons or things in order of importance. The text of Exodus reveals God forbids man climb stairs and rise your altar on others, because all will be revealed is her nakedness.
Is that what exactly happens when an individual puts on his fellowman and meanness weaknesses are exposed. When the lens is fixed in men, we can only see imperfections, but if you look at the person of Christ, only to find flawless perfection. The aim Nicolaitans eclipse all you have to be about us: our Lord Jesus Christ.
The steps are the classic structure of today's evangelical churches. Very similar to the chapels and Romanesque cathedral, towering altars and ostentatious display stalls (Louis XV) for the clergy on the height of the laity. Why does this happen? The answer is simple: it is the legacy of Nicolaitans within the church.
Clergy and their special badges
Not satisfied with the organization split between clergy and laity, the followers of thought Nicolaitane also included in their forms, the use of costumes that distinguish them from the secular.
is instituted the use of vestments, clerical collar and pectoral the purest example of the church of Rome. They say that those clothes distinguishes them as "servants of Christ", but deep down is nothing more than a comfortable preservation of religious customs and sometimes a vain satisfaction of feeling different from others.
The Pharisees already had this custom to be distinguished from others using extravagant costumes, and justify that form of dress, literally interpreting passages of the Torah. The Lord Jesus spoke strongly about:
"Before, they do all their deeds to be seen by men. For broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, and love the uppermost places at feasts, and the chief seats in the synagogues .. "Matthew 23:5 - 6
remember an opening of an evangelical church whose seats were divided among the clergy and laity. Bishops and pastors in the front seats, deacons and "rest" in the gallery ....¿ not that's exactly what the Lord objects in the text above?
A well-known English brother, once said: "There is no title for someone bigger than that of brother
Today, however, only the title of" brother "does not satisfy, and the names must be preceded by prefixes such as reverend, bishop, doctor or other term that differentiates it from the laity.
curious thing about all this is that the same membership or "secular", seems to fascinate them this form of organization, for themselves out expressions such as "my bishop", "my pastor", "minister" etc., etc., and behavior not much different from what happens in the Catholic world.
Please do not misunderstand
This observation is verified and endorsed by the history of the church and also by simple men and faithful to the Lord, does not serve the ministers downplay or the various ministries. On the contrary, our conviction is that the body of Christ, the church, is composed of members with different functions, all with the same value and all subject to one another. No one is more important and no one is inferior to another (1 Corinthians 12:1-31).
shepherds tending the flock, teach teachers, evangelists preach the good news, the deacons serve, and all are subject each other without need for a hierarchy Nicolaitane.
The call is to vindicate the feelings of the church of Ephesus, hate the work of the Nicolaitans and disapprove the enthronement of some who think that they exercise this or that trade in the church, are larger than others.
This reproof and warning, and was analyzed in detail by the apostle John in his third letter, see:
"I wrote to the church, but Diotrephes, who likes to have the preeminence among them, receiveth us not. For this reason, if I go, remember his deeds which rattled against us with malicious words: and not content with these things, do not get siblings, and those who want to receive it forbids, and out of the church "3 John 9-10
Juan accused categorically this Diotrephes, revealing his arrogance and pride by daring to pretend to be above the rest. The church of Christ, has always been about the emergence of men after a while are haughty and implement a hegemony destructive and totally away from the will of God. That is the shameful attitude of Nicolaitans which has brought much harm to the people of God.
In conclusion
Finally, it is necessary to clarify once again that all this short study is not intended to foment disorder or to downplay the brothers who preside over our meetings, that would be unacceptable. The aim is to report on extra-biblical origin Nicolaitane system and grow in our congregations the simplicity of the early church that has lost so much today.
Today there are many sincere brothers who shed tears for the arrogant treatment of those who call themselves "the anointed" in which corporations exist these ecclesiastical hierarchy as hated by the Lord as addressed previously in this study.
The duty of the believer who desires to please Christ, is to obey the brothers who preside over us, the pastors and leaders, but that has nothing to do with defending the existence of hierarchies within the church, accepting caste group clerical and lay membership.
God help us to grow in our congregations that feel that was in Christ Jesus, ie, consider the other as greater than yourself (Philippians 2: 3) and not having more highly of himself, than that we have (Romans 12:3)
The grace of our beloved Lord and Savior Jesus Christ be with all, Amen. Extract
our brother. Paul J.
L. Espinoza March 2007
Cristian Cristiano Fonseca C
"But you have this, that you hate the works of Nicolaitans, which I also hate. And have those who hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans I hate "Revelation 2:6 / 15
In reading these passages from Revelation, the question arises: What is the work of both hates Nicolaitans God?
There are some treaties that try to suggest that the Nicolaitans were a sect that was invading Christian churches with customs and professed antinomian debauchery. However, many historical treatises and managers who have addressed this issue, dismissed such a claim.
To understand the work of the Nicolaitans, it is necessary first to define the origin of the word. Nicolaíta
comes from the Greek meaning NICO domain or LAOS conquest over others and that means people, ordinary people, secular or secular. Hence we can analyze the composition Nicolae becomes something like DOMAIN ON THE TOWN.
Secondly, it is important to consider the message to the seven churches of Asia Minor detail in Revelation chapters 2 and 3.
historically has interpreted the message to the seven churches, denotes the state spiritual church has lived through history, from the apostles until the coming of the Lord.
Nicolaitans The mention of God makes in two churches, Ephesus and Pergamum. In the case of Ephesus, is a tribute to the rejection of the work of the Nicolaitans, but in Pergamum is a harsh rebuke to accept the doctrine of Nicolaitans. This allows us to infer that in that church, had been established that current of thought.
What is the work or Nicolaitans doctrine?
The letter to Ephesus represents the beginning of the church from the day of Pentecost, while the letter to Pergamum shows us the spiritual decline of the church. Ephesus means "desired" but Pergamum means "Marriage"
The desired church of Christ had declined to the point of forgetting their commitment to their Lord and definitely "marry" with another. The question that inevitably arises is: With whom he married the church in Pergamum?
To answer this question, it is essential to consider what the Lord says to this church:
"I know thy works, and where you dwell, where Satan's throne" (Rev. 2:13) The Bible is
very clear in pointing to the throne of Satan is not in heaven or hell, but in the world. The Lord Jesus Christ said with complete clarity:
"no longer talk much with you, for the prince of this world, and hath nothing in me" John 14:30
Considering this, and we know whom he married the church Pergamon. She does not believe that the world should be away and leave it. She dwells in the world and dwell where is the throne of the devil. Pergamon
typifies the commitment that the church took over the state and the world. The convictions were thrown down in order to please the world on the Lord's commands.
Many place the period of this church at about the year 320 AD in the very government of Constantine who first institutionalized the concept of Caesar - Popery, I mean the presence of a political and religious leader, which is now known as Pope.
The work and teaching of the Nicolaitans, consisted of a hierarchy in the church, destroying the horizontal frame, to lift a pyramid. That is the doctrine that both work and hate the Lord.
Thus was born the clergy (Nico) and laity (Laos). Clerical caste with special privileges, strong bond with Caesar and a clear dominance over the rest of the people (laity)
The Nicolaitans began to divide God's people into two groups. Clergy persons who were "remote" learned, and spiritual privileges, and laity who belonged to the rest of the people.
From that time begins the pyramid structure inside the church, not yet taking hold in the holy scriptures. The simplicity of the church, was gradually replaced by an organized institution with hierarchies and with molds taken from the secular and pagan Romanism. In other words, was the birth of the Church of Rome.
Hierarchy and the Bible
organization has always been the man has sought a pyramidal structure. Recall the experience of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) or the same request of the people at the time of Samuel, when he reveals a contempt for theocracy and a longing for the monarchy, the mold mundane.
The hierarchy is an evil entrenched in the heart of man. It is a mold according to the sinful nature. This was revealed by the foolish request of the mother of the sons of Zebedee (Matthew 20:20-28) to which our Lord Jesus Christ says,
"Then Jesus called and said, know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their high officials exercise authority over them. But among you it will not, but whoever wants to become great among you shall be your servant, and whoever would be first among you shall be your servant "Matthew 20:25-27 As we stated
our Lord Jesus Christ in this passage, the hierarchy produces an enthronement and he does not want that to his people. Hierarchies are those of the fallen man and not God's will.
to God you have never liked the hierarchy, hence the sentiment against the doctrine of Nicolaitans is considered abhorrent. The revelation of scripture shows us that God is longing to be in the middle and not on his people. Certainly sin ruined everything, when Adam and Eve disobeyed, they created a huge gap that later came to remove our beloved Savior and Lord Jesus Christ.
When we look at the priestly caste in the old covenant, it seems that God had instituted a church hierarchy. The high priest was superior to the priest. One can enter the sanctuary, but the other one to the altar of incense. However, we consider that the priesthood was never the image of things according to the full pleasure of God, but shadows, emblems and symbols of what was to come.
Christ finished with it, tearing the veil of the temple and opening the holy of holies to give direct access to God, to any sinner who passes through the sacrifice of the cross of Golgotha.
In the New Testament, education ministries and gifts of the Holy Spirit expressed in the letters of Paul to the Romans, Corinthians and Ephesians, but the by the Apostle Peter in his first epistle, in any way taught in the church hierarchy, by contrast, emphasizes the equal importance of each of the members of the assembly. That is, it makes clear that both the bishop who serves tables have the same importance, and we are part of a hierarchical ladder as we see today.
Our Lord Jesus Christ taught it with such precision, see:
"... love the uppermost places at feasts, and the best seats in the synagogues and salutations in the marketplaces, and called by men Rabbi Rabbi. But you are not who you called Rabbi: for one is your Master, even Christ, and all of you is so
brothers. And do not call anyone your father on earth: for one is your Father who is in heaven. Neither be ye called masters: for one is your Master, even Christ. He who is greatest among you shall be your servant "Matthew 23:6-11 The text is talkative enough. God does not want the hierarchies among siblings. The Pharisees were a breed that arrogated to itself the privilege of serving God and to feel better or more important than others. Christ openly condemned the hypocritical stance that so far is not what is happening today in the evangelical church. It appears that passages such as the categorical said, have become extinct from the pulpits as well as charm.
Today, the term "minister" is like a hierarchical level, and the membership of such acts against something like angelic beings. This is the legacy of Nicolaitans. The clergy over the laity.
The apostle Peter, as manipulated by the Church of Rome, never acted as the "ministers" today, less like the Pope of the Vatican. Remember that reception given as corrected in the house of Cornelius:
"When Peter entered, Cornelius met, and fell at his feet and worshiped. But Peter took him up, saying, Arise, I myself am a man "Acts 10:25-26 Cornelius
's attitude, it is proper to every human being who has no knowledge of God. It is the classic religious attitude that aims to make gods of men. Since ancient times, man has raised to the altars to individuals who have demonstrated traits of piety and spirituality, and I do not refer exclusively to the church of Rome, but that ancient pagan religions and cultures such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, etc. etc. The sad and amazing is to see that the evangelical church edges samples also very similar to the human habit and that God hates.
The hierarchy within the evangelical church
Many
of the "ministers" of the church today does not conform with the legacy of dividing the membership Nicolaitans between clergy and laity, have been subdivided into hierarchical ranks ministries.
For example, now the bishop is superior to the pastor. This is not only an insult to biblical teaching, but an attack on the intellect. In the Bible, the words elder, pastor or bishop show absolutely the same office, and never express a hierarchical rank. It is an unbiblical assumption among ministries teach that there is a hierarchical ladder. This reveals the vain search for some people who want to be on the other. It is very common to find well-known pastors, and now call themselves bishops, as if that's raised in rank.
Let's see what Peter taught about:
"The elders which are among you ... Feed the flock of God among you "1 Peter 5:1-2
Peter's words are exceedingly clear. The elders or bishops (is exactly the same) are not on the flock as it claims the Nicolaitans, but "between" them. The role of pastor is not to establish a hegemonic dictatorship and infallible, but they serve between the brothers. If still not enough this argument, let's read Peter:
"not lording it over those entrusted to your care but being examples to the flock "1 Peter 5:3
The word dominion had been warned by the Lord Jesus Christ in Matthew 20:25-27, and is a characteristic of the world and not which should exist between brothers.
remember the instruction given by God to Moses regarding the construction of the altar:
"No go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness not be discovered by him" Exodus 20:26
The word denotes a tiered structure hierarchy and upward, which would put persons or things in order of importance. The text of Exodus reveals God forbids man climb stairs and rise your altar on others, because all will be revealed is her nakedness.
Is that what exactly happens when an individual puts on his fellowman and meanness weaknesses are exposed. When the lens is fixed in men, we can only see imperfections, but if you look at the person of Christ, only to find flawless perfection. The aim Nicolaitans eclipse all you have to be about us: our Lord Jesus Christ.
The steps are the classic structure of today's evangelical churches. Very similar to the chapels and Romanesque cathedral, towering altars and ostentatious display stalls (Louis XV) for the clergy on the height of the laity. Why does this happen? The answer is simple: it is the legacy of Nicolaitans within the church.
Clergy and their special badges
Not satisfied with the organization split between clergy and laity, the followers of thought Nicolaitane also included in their forms, the use of costumes that distinguish them from the secular.
is instituted the use of vestments, clerical collar and pectoral the purest example of the church of Rome. They say that those clothes distinguishes them as "servants of Christ", but deep down is nothing more than a comfortable preservation of religious customs and sometimes a vain satisfaction of feeling different from others.
The Pharisees already had this custom to be distinguished from others using extravagant costumes, and justify that form of dress, literally interpreting passages of the Torah. The Lord Jesus spoke strongly about:
"Before, they do all their deeds to be seen by men. For broad their phylacteries, and enlarge the borders of their garments, and love the uppermost places at feasts, and the chief seats in the synagogues .. "Matthew 23:5 - 6
remember an opening of an evangelical church whose seats were divided among the clergy and laity. Bishops and pastors in the front seats, deacons and "rest" in the gallery ....¿ not that's exactly what the Lord objects in the text above?
A well-known English brother, once said: "There is no title for someone bigger than that of brother
Today, however, only the title of" brother "does not satisfy, and the names must be preceded by prefixes such as reverend, bishop, doctor or other term that differentiates it from the laity.
curious thing about all this is that the same membership or "secular", seems to fascinate them this form of organization, for themselves out expressions such as "my bishop", "my pastor", "minister" etc., etc., and behavior not much different from what happens in the Catholic world.
Please do not misunderstand
This observation is verified and endorsed by the history of the church and also by simple men and faithful to the Lord, does not serve the ministers downplay or the various ministries. On the contrary, our conviction is that the body of Christ, the church, is composed of members with different functions, all with the same value and all subject to one another. No one is more important and no one is inferior to another (1 Corinthians 12:1-31).
shepherds tending the flock, teach teachers, evangelists preach the good news, the deacons serve, and all are subject each other without need for a hierarchy Nicolaitane.
The call is to vindicate the feelings of the church of Ephesus, hate the work of the Nicolaitans and disapprove the enthronement of some who think that they exercise this or that trade in the church, are larger than others.
This reproof and warning, and was analyzed in detail by the apostle John in his third letter, see:
"I wrote to the church, but Diotrephes, who likes to have the preeminence among them, receiveth us not. For this reason, if I go, remember his deeds which rattled against us with malicious words: and not content with these things, do not get siblings, and those who want to receive it forbids, and out of the church "3 John 9-10
Juan accused categorically this Diotrephes, revealing his arrogance and pride by daring to pretend to be above the rest. The church of Christ, has always been about the emergence of men after a while are haughty and implement a hegemony destructive and totally away from the will of God. That is the shameful attitude of Nicolaitans which has brought much harm to the people of God.
In conclusion
Finally, it is necessary to clarify once again that all this short study is not intended to foment disorder or to downplay the brothers who preside over our meetings, that would be unacceptable. The aim is to report on extra-biblical origin Nicolaitane system and grow in our congregations the simplicity of the early church that has lost so much today.
Today there are many sincere brothers who shed tears for the arrogant treatment of those who call themselves "the anointed" in which corporations exist these ecclesiastical hierarchy as hated by the Lord as addressed previously in this study.
The duty of the believer who desires to please Christ, is to obey the brothers who preside over us, the pastors and leaders, but that has nothing to do with defending the existence of hierarchies within the church, accepting caste group clerical and lay membership.
God help us to grow in our congregations that feel that was in Christ Jesus, ie, consider the other as greater than yourself (Philippians 2: 3) and not having more highly of himself, than that we have (Romans 12:3)
The grace of our beloved Lord and Savior Jesus Christ be with all, Amen. Extract
our brother. Paul J.
L. Espinoza March 2007
Cristian Cristiano Fonseca C
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